Full definition
MMV covers all monitoring arrangements at a geological CO₂ storage site: 4D seismic surveys, pressure sensors, groundwater monitoring and surface atmospheric checks. European Directive 2009/31/EC requires 20 years of monitoring after site closure, after which responsibility can transfer to the State. A robust MMV programme underpins the credibility of a CCS project: without it, neither GHG Protocol accounting nor associated carbon credits can be defended. Typical MMV cost: 3-7 % of an operational site’s OPEX.