In order of impact, the manufacturing electricity mix comes first: production in Sweden, France or Norway reduces the footprint by 40 to 60% compared with China. Chemistry selection follows: LFP emits around 15% less than NMC (median 62 versus 74 kgCO2e/kWh), a difference that combines with the geographical measure. Extending lifetime also matters: going from 4,000 to 8,000 cycles divides the footprint per kWh delivered by 2. Recycling contributes 5 to 15% through material credits, and minimum recycled content rates will apply from 2031.
Read the source article: Lithium-ion battery carbon footprint: how to reduce it