Full definition
The technically ‘purest’ CDR solution, but highly energy-intensive and expensive. Observed costs in 2024-2025: $340 to $1,000/tCO2 depending on technology (solid s-DAC, liquid l-DAC), post-2030 industrial target: $125-335/tCO2 through economies of scale. Two major facilities: Climeworks Mammoth in Iceland (2024, 36,000 tCO2/year, geothermal) and Occidental / 1PointFive Stratos in Texas (start-up in late 2025, 500,000 tCO2/year). Scale required to achieve 1.5 °C: several gigatonnes per year by 2050.