French projects provide an indicative scale: the 3D pilot in Dunkirk (4,000 tCO₂/year) cost around €19 million, including nearly €15 million from the European Horizon 2020 programme, between 2019 and 2024; an industrial unit of around 1 MtCO₂/year would cost hundreds of millions of euros. CarboClearTech (Holcim in Martres-Tolosane, targeting 700,000 tCO₂/year) secured €120 million from the EU Innovation Fund, covering only part of the investment. For the price per tonne captured: allow $50 to $120/tCO₂ for cement/steel/electricity, $15 to $35/t for concentrated flows (natural gas, ethanol). In France, economic feasibility depends on three pillars: European public funding (Innovation Fund, IPCEI Hydrogen), the NZIA storage obligation borne by oil and gas producers and passing additional costs downstream (long-term low-carbon concrete and green steel contracts). Without these three pillars, private profitability is currently impossible.
Read the source article: CO2 capture and storage (CCS): where do we stand in 2026?