Through multicriteria life cycle assessment using the European PEF method, from material extraction to end of life. It aggregates 16 impact categories (climate change, water, eutrophication, particulate matter, toxicity, resource depletion...) into a single score, limiting impact shifting between categories. France adds a durability coefficient, adjusting the score according to the brand’s business model (range breadth, repair incentives). Calculation uses the public Ecobalyse tool (textiles, food and furniture under development), and its reliability depends primarily on supplier data quality.
Read the source article: Environmental labelling: who is affected and when?